Global and Domestic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global and Domestic Marketing - Essay Example (Cateora & Graham, 2002 13) The task of cultural adjustment, however ids the most challenging and important one confronting international, marketers; they must adjust their marketing efforts to cultures to which the re not attuned. In dealing with unfamiliar markets, marketers must be aware of the frames of references they are using in making their decisions or evaluating the potential of the market because judgments are derived from experience that is the result of the enculturative process. When a marketer operates in other cultures, marketing attempts may fail because of unconscious responses based on frames of reference acceptable in one's own culture but unacceptable in different surrounding. Unless special efforts are made to determine local cultural meaning s for every market, the marketer is likely to overlook the significance The foreign marketer should be a... operates in other cultures, marketing attempts may fail because of unconscious responses based on frames of reference acceptable in one's own culture but unacceptable in different surrounding. Unless special efforts are made to determine local cultural meaning s for every market, the marketer is likely to overlook the significance The foreign marketer should be aware of the principle of marketing relativism; that is, marketing strategies and judgments are based on experience, and experience is interpreted by each marketer in terms of his or her own culture. The market systems of different peoples, their political and economic structure, religions and other elements of culture, foreign marketers must constantly guard against measuring and assessing the markets against the fixed values and assumptions of their own cultures. (Brij Kumar & Steinmann, 1998 9) They must take specific steps to make themselves aware of the home cultural reference in their analysis and decision-making. The political environment No company, domestic or international, large or small, can conduct business without considering the influence of the political environment within which it will operate. One of the most undeniable and crucial realities of international business is that both host and home government are integral partners. (Cateora, 2002 152) A government reacts to its environment initiating and pursuing circumstances. Reflected in its policies and attitudes toward business are government's ideas of how to best promoting the national interest, considering its own resources and political philosophy. A government controls and restricts a company's activities encouraging and offering support or by discouraging and support or by discouraging and banning or restricting its activities

Hamas: History, Funding and Interventions

Hamas: History, Funding and Interventions Hamas Hamas is a Palestinian terrorist organization which mainly consists of Islamic paramilitary forces. The name Hamas , means Islamic Resistance Movement. This Palestinian Islamic group was formed way back in 1987 as a result of the Israeli taking up most of the West Bank or Gaza strip. The militant group was founded by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. He was of Egypt origin and was strongly supported by many charitable organizations and other social institutions. The Palestinian militants who are mostly Islamic affiliates, was therefore formed with the main aim of driving Israelis out of the West Bank. This was hence achieved through massive rocket attacks launched by the Hamas on the Israeli civilians as well as those who occupied the Gaza strip on the West Bank to get the Israeli moving back to Israel. The long-term goal of the Hamas has therefore been to establish strong Islamic states on all Palestinian territories that predominantly belonged to Palestine. The Hamas mainly fight for the restoration of Palestinians historic rights. The groups leader was at one time quoted for stating that the military operations of the group would cease once Palestinian historic rights were restored (Levitt Ross, 2007). Most scholars believe that Hamas is a socio-political organization. Hamas mainly occupy the Gaza side of Palestine. Therefore, the Hamas are mainly located in the Gaza strip on the Palestinian side where they won a majority of the parliamentary seats. Hamas is found on a solid document which by all means mimics terrorist tactics and lifestyle. The original document that binds the Hamas strongly condemns the Israeli and declares war on them. The group is however not poised towards the destruction of Israelites alone. It is also concerned with the social wellbeing of the Palestinians. Prior to the formation of the Hamas group, the Israeli government subjected the group to thorough economic sanctions. Diplomatic sanctions were also rife in the new organization. This almost grounded most of their operations at the initial stages before they gained foot and became independent. There are two main branches within the group. The first is concerned with the social programs which have seen the construction of many schools, mosques and hospitals. Many of the schools within the Palestinian territories are built by the Hamas. The Hamas work in cohorts with the Muslims governments to provide the social amenities to its people. Many suggest that this has indeed impacted on the image of the organization and presented it as a positive organization, save for the destruction of Israel that it commits its members to. The second branch of the Hamas organization is concerned with the military operations. This is carried out below the surface and is led by Izz al-Din Qassam Brigades. This second branch was created in 1992. In addition, the militant group of Hamas operates independently and at times contradicts their own Hamas policies. The military faction of the Hamas at most times gives the group a dark image since many researchers have associated the group with destruction and murder. It is important that we understand the many faces of Hamas to appreciate their role in the Muslim world. Hamas is thus against any Israeli invasion of historically Palestinian territories. They are however the main cause of conflict in the Gaza strip. Understanding the genesis of the conflict is key to knowing how the Hamas operate and coordinate. Who funds the Hamas ? The Hamas obtains most of its cash from its supporters, who are mainly Palestinians and Arabs in different countries. They send money to support the military and social programs of the group. According to Milton-Edwards and Farrell (2010), the Hamas also get financial aids from the Muslim states who are enemies of the Israelis. These states buy arms and send the shipment to the Gaza strip to sustain the military operations of Hamas within the area. There have been efforts to try and block the accounts of the Hamas group, but all have been futile. Researchers confess that as long as Hamas receives support from the Muslim world, it is highly unlikely for the group to cease its operations within the West Bank. Although many of their supporters deny having any links with the terrorist group, it is evident that the Hamas have more friends and supporters than enemies. If anything, it is only the Israelis who are enemies of this militant group and this is the reason for their existence. The biggest supporter of the Hamas group is Saudi Arabia which contributes up to 50% of the groups finances (Hroub, 2006). Mishal and Sela (2000) estimate that the annual budget of the militant terrorist group is approximately, 70 million US dollars; this is a large budget which requires the support of several outside fronts to be able to meet it. Most of This money goes towards supporting schools, hospitals and religious organizations that are predominantly Muslim based. Moreover, many of the Islamic charity organizations support the Hamas and contribute immensely towards their large budget. Iran is also known to fund the Hamas budget though only to a small proportion. There are also several other Arab states that fund the groups operations since most if not all the Arab states are anti-Israel. Private charities continuously support the groups operations in the West Bank. These social institutions have supported Hamas for decades as a result of the groups affiliation to construction and development projects such as building schools, hospitals and religious organizations and institutions. Are they a threat to the U.S? The US supports Israel with massive proportions. The US support for Israel has never been concealed. On the other hand, the Hamas are enemies of the Israelis. This makes the circle complete; the US is therefore at threat of the Hamas. A keen look at the policies of the Hamas reveals that the Hamas group mainly fights Israeli forces that have occupied sites that are historically Palestine territory. According to Rosaler (2003), recent attacks on the US, including the 9/11 terrorist attacks were mainly propagated by forced believed to be of Hamas origin, the Al-Qaeda. The Hamas are closely linked to the Al-Qaeda, the main terrorist cell which makes the US shiver. The US directive to ban Hamas from accessing Jordan in 1999 sparked enmity and brutal underground war within the West Bank region. This action put US on the spot as a potential target. Furthermore, it is also evident that the US supports 100% of all Israeli military operations against the Hamas terrorist cell. The US often fights such distant war in the guise of ending terrorism. As such, the US invasion of Iraq had a hidden agenda. One of the reasons was to fight terrorist cells within the region which extended to the Hamas territories. The other reason which has often been largely contradicted is that the US has vested interests in the oil deposits within the region. Critics argue that the US is indeed putting its head into a bee hole by supporting the Israelis. The amount of support that Hamas has amassed from the Arab world is astonishing. It is only a matter of time before the group grows into other major branches and wedges continuous terrorist attacks on the Israelis and their formidable allies, the US. Tactics employed by the Hamas The Hamas has adopted several tactics that it uses to fight their wars. One of these tactics is through using children as human shields. This has been condemned by the Human Rights organizations worldwide. Israel claims to be in possession of a video footage showing the Hamas using children as human shield. In a country where there is no law, this kind of action cannot be effectively punished. Hamas continue to use this tactic to date while fighting their wars against the Israeli and its allies within the West Bank. Young children are often taught at an early age to hate the Israelites and declare war against them. These children are later used to fight in wars with Israeli forces. Most of the children who are used are normally given specific targets which they would walk to and blow up. For instance, in 2002, a child walked into a convoy of Israeli soldiers and blew himself up killing the entire group of soldiers. This sparked a series of attacks on the Hamas within the Gaza Strip. Moreover, the Hamas also use children combatants during war. This has also been largely condemned owing to the fact that children are not to be used at war. The children combatants are recruited through the Hamas website for children, the Al Fateh (Tamimi, 2007). Children combatants are revered for their skill and innocence at war, making them unsuspecting soldiers who kill with impunity. The children combatants are often trained by the Hamas groups in institutions established for this purpose. They are viewed as patriots and are hence given specific targets where they would launch attacks on civilians on a regular basis. Tamimi (2007) insinuates that Israeli forces within the West Bank have learnt their lessons not to trust children walking into their convoy. As such, any child approaching them is usually taken out immediately. The Hamas also wedge attacks on civilians of Israeli origin. This is a tactic that the group has used for many years now. It is mainly carried out by bombarding civilian dwellings in Israeli territories believed to be historically Palestinian territory. The Human Rights Watch has faulted Hamas for crimes against humans, by using children combatants and human shield and also for launching civilian attacks. This tactic has left Hamas with more enemies than friends. Attacks on civilians include car bombs, roadside bombs in areas or roads frequented by the civilians of Israeli origin, among other terrorist-like attacks. Rockets are often sent at targeted Israeli buildings and civilian territories, a fact that has often sparked enmity between the Israeli allies and the Palestinian Hamas affiliates. Guerilla warfare is perhaps the oldest tactic that Hamas continues to employ against Israeli forces within the West Bank. The Gaza Strip has been described as the home of guerilla tactics by the Hamas militant groups. It is here that many of the Israeli forces have died as a result of the guerilla warfare. How dangerous is the group today? Hamas is closely linked with major terrorists and pose a great security risk in the airspace and Israeli allied countries, such as the US. The group is also dangerous since it teaches children of Muslim origin to hate Israelis and the United States. The increasing number of suicide attacks within the Gaza Strip threatens to kill more innocent civilian in the coming future, hence the Hamas are dangerous. It is not clear when and where they will strike next. Their guerilla tactics makes them very dangerous. The terrorist attacks advanced by the Hamas threaten to stall economic developments within the West Bank region. Their proximity to civilians makes the group to be extremely dangerous as most of the casualty during wars wedged by them is innocent civilians. The group threatens regional peace at the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank, hence making human life in these areas to be a challenge. The Hamas militant activities often leave many displaced away from their homes as they seek a safe haven. The group threatens international peace since its supporters offer a strong force against its enemies. The result may be two fronts facing each other, that is, the Israeli being supported by the United States and the Hamas being supported by the Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia. A World War may be brewing and waiting to happen. If left undeterred, the Hamas are likely to fight and displace the Israeli who have lived in the West Bank for years. This threatens the well being of the Israelis as they are exposed to being refugees. The Hamas group continues to develop underground cells which are a threat to the international security from the past terrorist activities witnessed. Conclusion The Hamas is an Islamic Resistance Movement which fights to restore the historic Palestine territories. This group has been a formidable force within the West Bank and Gaza Strip for years. Its main activities have been military organization against the Israelites as well as building schools, clinics, religious institutions among other social institutions. The Hamas group was formed way back in 1987 under the leadership of the Egyptian brother, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It derives its financing from Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran. Private charity institutions also support and finance the activities of the Hamas. The Hamas have a policy book which they follow, although this is beginning to be sidelined as the group advances. The militant branch of the group is mainly independent, managing its own affairs under Izz al-Din Qassam. Hamas therefore poses a serious threat to the security of the United States following several threats that the group has made against the United States for supporting the Israelis. The US on the other hand has remained vigil in its support of the Israeli forces in the West Bank region. Hamas use several dirty tactics to fight their wars including the use of children combatants. Children are also used as human shields during war, a fact that has been largely condemned by the Human Rights Watch dogs. Hamas also uses guerilla war tactics to effectively fight within the West Bank region against Israeli forces. Perhaps the worst tactic used by the Hamas is civilian attacks and suicide bombings which are rampant in densely populated districts in the West Bank region. This has often led to the killings of hundreds of innocent civilians. The Hamas thus pose a great security risk owing to the groups affiliation to terrorist activities such as suicide attacks, roadside bombs among other terrorist characterized attacks. The Hamas has thus grown into a fully fledged terrorist group and no longer merely advocates for the restoration of the Palestine historic rights. Recommendations Stopping the activities of the Hamas group will indeed be an uphill task owing to the large support that the group has amassed in the recent past. The Hamas group receives most of its support from the Arab nations which are foes with Israelis. It would be impossible to suggest that the Hamas military operations would be stopped through convincing the Arab countries not to support the groups activities. What about the private charity organizations? The best way therefore to stop the Hamas from advancing would be to place international sanctions on countries that support Hamas. These sanctions should be aimed at crippling the countrys economy such that there is very little that the countries can do in terms of foreign trade. International sanctions would work perfectly against the supporters and allies of the Hamas by denying them trade opportunities. The other recommendation would be to perhaps get to the root of the groups leadership using intelligence and eliminating them one by one. This would cripple the groups organization and thus they cannot be able to wedge any war. References Hroub, K. (2006). A New Hamas : The Politics of a Resistance Movement. Washington: Pluto Press. Levitt, M., Ross, D. (2007). Hamas : Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Edinburgh: Yale University Press. Milton-Edwards, B., Farrell, S. (2010). Hamas : The Islamic Resistance Movement. New York: Polity. Mishal, S., Sela, A. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas : vision, violence, and coexistence. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Rosaler, M. (2003). Hamas : Palestinian terrorists. Berlin: The Rosen Publishing Group. Tamimi, A. (2007). Hamas : a history from within. Sydney: Olive Branch Press.

The Implications Involving Dinosaur DNA Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

The Implications Involving Dinosaur DNA Of course it was the movie Jurassic Park who seemed to coin the phrase â€Å"Dino DNA.† This movie gave the public the thought that, a) it is possible to find dinosaur DNA and b) we can clone dinosaurs from this DNA. This essay is not going to pick apart Jurassic Park’s scientific value, however it will share the current knowledge and information on dinosaur DNA. The discovery of DNA is important because it may uncover different bits of information. The idea of cloning dinosaurs, especially at this point is out of the question. It is really hard to clone living animals today, with full DNA and genome strands, we can’t even think about recreating animals millions of years ago. DNA is a protein molecule that is proven to contain the genetic sequence of any particular species. Every species has a different type of DNA. This is how we differentiate between different species today. Humans have different DNA than rats. Rats have different DNA than mice, etc, etc. However, we know that DNA hold-up needs a living body to keep â€Å"alive.† Therefore, DNA decomposes with soft tissue, as the animal decays over time. For the most part of dinosaur studies, finding DNA from these dinosaurs was unheard of because dinosaurs lived over 65 million years ago. Until recently, it was previously thought that DNA, under optimal circumstances, could perhaps be preserved for only about 10,000 years. This is long after dinosaurs roamed the Earth (Pittman, 2004). Some research has reported finding insects fossilized in amber, containing species such as a termite (30 million years ago), and a weevil from approximately 130 million years ago. These are extraordinary findings, but of course disputed. ... ... but there can still be the possibility of contamination. Although we can only do so much with DNA and protein fragments, they are still discoveries, which are going against previous intuitions. Again, no cloning of dinosaurs are going to take place any time soon, but DNA may help to link dinosaurs with other species around today. These two articles, the research article and the review article show strong evidence that preserved proteins, including DNA can survive under the perfect circumstances. Of course more research will need to be done, and hopefully more findings will conclude the same results. References Pittman, S.D. 2004. Fossilized DNA. http://www.naturalselection.0catch.com/Files/fossilizeddna.html. Received April 3rd, 2004 Woodward, S.R., Weyand, N.J., Burnell, M. 1994. DNA sequence from cretaceous Period. Science, v266. pp 1229. The Implications Involving Dinosaur DNA Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re The Implications Involving Dinosaur DNA Of course it was the movie Jurassic Park who seemed to coin the phrase â€Å"Dino DNA.† This movie gave the public the thought that, a) it is possible to find dinosaur DNA and b) we can clone dinosaurs from this DNA. This essay is not going to pick apart Jurassic Park’s scientific value, however it will share the current knowledge and information on dinosaur DNA. The discovery of DNA is important because it may uncover different bits of information. The idea of cloning dinosaurs, especially at this point is out of the question. It is really hard to clone living animals today, with full DNA and genome strands, we can’t even think about recreating animals millions of years ago. DNA is a protein molecule that is proven to contain the genetic sequence of any particular species. Every species has a different type of DNA. This is how we differentiate between different species today. Humans have different DNA than rats. Rats have different DNA than mice, etc, etc. However, we know that DNA hold-up needs a living body to keep â€Å"alive.† Therefore, DNA decomposes with soft tissue, as the animal decays over time. For the most part of dinosaur studies, finding DNA from these dinosaurs was unheard of because dinosaurs lived over 65 million years ago. Until recently, it was previously thought that DNA, under optimal circumstances, could perhaps be preserved for only about 10,000 years. This is long after dinosaurs roamed the Earth (Pittman, 2004). Some research has reported finding insects fossilized in amber, containing species such as a termite (30 million years ago), and a weevil from approximately 130 million years ago. These are extraordinary findings, but of course disputed. ... ... but there can still be the possibility of contamination. Although we can only do so much with DNA and protein fragments, they are still discoveries, which are going against previous intuitions. Again, no cloning of dinosaurs are going to take place any time soon, but DNA may help to link dinosaurs with other species around today. These two articles, the research article and the review article show strong evidence that preserved proteins, including DNA can survive under the perfect circumstances. Of course more research will need to be done, and hopefully more findings will conclude the same results. References Pittman, S.D. 2004. Fossilized DNA. http://www.naturalselection.0catch.com/Files/fossilizeddna.html. Received April 3rd, 2004 Woodward, S.R., Weyand, N.J., Burnell, M. 1994. DNA sequence from cretaceous Period. Science, v266. pp 1229.

Persusave Essay

Rodney Klein To whom it may concern, Thank you for taking the time to consider my proposal. As you know the Bay Cafe had a grand Re-opening in January of 2014. At this time we changed our menu options, our times of operation, and we included the opening of the Boardwalk Bistro coffee shop. Our fellow hospital employee's took a few months to adjust to the change. We lost some customers but we gained some new ones as well.I believe now that everyone has acclimated to our new changes it is time to start implementing daily or Kelly deals/options as well as a change to our hours of operation. First, our hours of operation are very confusing to our nursing and support staff. We are open in the Bistro coffee shop from am to 10:AMA for hot cooked to order breakfast. From 10:AMA to 1 1 am, we only offer grab and go options as our cafe staff changes from breakfast to lunch.During the 10:AMA-1 lam hour the Bistro coffee shop looks deserted as the staff makes the necessary changes to lunch and i s not always present in the Bistro. The cafe is then open from 1 lam to pm for lunch at which time the grab and go option is available from pm to pm. At pm the Bistro coffee shop is then open until pm. During the hours of pm to pm the cafeteria looks and feels deserted. If we were to keep the cafe open during this time the friendly atmosphere would draw more customers and potential business.These few minor changes would not require more staffing or cost more to operate. However it would simplify the confusion and frustration to the Bay Park staff and lessen the stress of the Bay Cafe employees. Recap of suggested new hours of operation: Bistro Coffee Shop open am to loam (Breakfast) Bay Cafe open loam to pm (Lunch and Dinner) Second, since our grand opening in January 2014, our menu has not changed for breakfast. We offer the same few selections and the same daily specials Monday through Friday.If we incorporated a daily or weekly drink special we could draw new potential customers. Our supplier is through Cattle's best which is owned by Struck Coffee. They have a list of possible drink mixes on their website that we could add to our menu and offer as a special. Our menu is good but these few changes could make it great. We would not be adding any supplies or need any extra staffing to accomplish these changes. For example: Monday: Caramel Machismo $x. Xx and Pancakes (already offered) Tuesday: London Fog $x. X and Sausage Burrito (already offered) In closing, the Bay Cafe and the Bistro coffee shop are great additions to Bay Park Community Hospital. The new hours of operation however are extremely confusing to the nursing and support staff, a few adjustments would reduce this confusion. The meal offerings for breakfast in the Bistro Coffee shop are very popular, especially the daily breakfast specials. A daily or weekly coffee/drink special would add to offerings and potential earnings. Thank you Food and Nutrition Services

Be Your Best Self

Being your best self can mean a lot of things to different people, but what does it mean to me? To me it means being your own Superman. It means to be everything you can possibly be; to be confident in yourself, in not only looks but knowing you can do anything. It means to help everyone; to be kind, caring, and sweet. Being your best self means to be happy and live your life. Confidence means having faith in yourself in many ways.It means to know you are beautiful in every way. Having confidence means knowing you can do anything and everything you set your mind to. To be your best self means to help everyone. You need to be kind, sweet, and compassionate. Help them in school subject areas or running errands. Help them when they need it, whether its getting them help or helping them yourself.. Plain and simple be a good friend. God has given you one life to live before you go up to Heaven with him, and you need to live it up.No I’m not saying go crazy and get twenty tattoos th at cover your body, unless that’s what you want, but be happy. Life is too short to go through it being upset and depressed. So go find love in your best friend, keep faith in the Lord, and go get a little too crazy with your friends. Just make sure you are happy with everything you do. Superman lives in a town in Kansas, were later on in life he finds love in Lois Lane. If Superman was not his best self, his whole town would submit to complete destruction.His love would not be with him anymore, for he helps her and saves her life all the time. Superman is the best role model for being your best self. The Distinguished Young Women Association, or Jr. Miss, helps young women be their best self. Maybe not all of the characteristics, but from experience it does make you happier and a more confident individual. I know this because while participating in this program, I have been happier and I have never been more confident in myself.

Trinity Church and John Hancock Skyscraper in Copley Square essays

Trinity Church and John Hancock Skyscraper in Copley Square essays Copley Square in Boston is a historic landmark of Boston, Massachusetts, that remains to be one of the defining features of the city, both due to its historical and architectural significance, but also in part because of its unique open-space setup filled with trees, flowers, and grass. The incredible architecture of Copley Square that spans the style and history of many decades, combined with the park-like atmosphere of the plant life, is able to transport any visitor to a different state of mind, and it serves as a great escape from the dark alleys and traffic pollution of Boston. One of the fascinating things about the Copley Square area is that it was once a tidal marsh unable to support any buildings until the Back Bay was filled. (Wieneke.) Two of the defining landmarks of Copley Square are the Trinity Church and the John Hancock skyscraper. The original Trinity Church in Boston was was built by John Indicott in the 1700's. (Norton) However, in 1860 the Vestry voted to move the church to a new location. In January of 1872, a 24,800 square foot plot of land was purchased in Boston, having been carefully chosen as the site for the church, and soon after committee meetings began to review architectural plans for the building. Gambrill and Richardson, a firm of H. H. Richardson, was commissioned to design the church. Additional funds were set aside for the building, allowing for an additional plot of land to be purchased, adding nearly 15,000 feet to the original plan. The church is surrounded on all sides by streets, not other buildings which would restrict the view of the church. In April of 1873, engineers began driving wooden pilings, most of which were completed from July to September of this year. However, the Vestry became discouraged by the building cost estimates ranging from a soaring $355,000 to $640,000 and they halted work on the building unt...

20 Analytical Essay Topics Key Elements of Economic Development in the Third World

20 Analytical Essay Topics Key Elements of Economic Development in the Third World Despite the deadline gaining on you, your mind may remain blank as you try writing an analytical essay regarding political and economic development in third world countries. One of the biggest issues you may face is being unable to come up with a worthwhile topic. We know how frustrating this can be for students, especially since there are hundreds of online guides detailing how to write analytical essays but almost nothing on topics. Luckily, inspiration for your next essay is just a few lines away. The following list of 20 topics related to political and economic development in the third world will help you craft a great analytical essay and learn a lot about the subject. Failure of Economic Development Strategies Which Ignore Cultural Dimensions Improving Taxpayer Compliance in the Third World and Acceleration of Economic Development in the Third World Sustainable Development in Developing Countries through Eradicating Poverty Successful Green Development Programs in the Third World: Changing Focus on Helping the Poorest Sectors of the Population Solar Energy Usage in the Third World The Implications of Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization in Developing Countries Greater Gender Equity to Improving Health and Education in Developing Countries Reducing Poverty and Improving Education to Curb Extremism in the Third World Viable Solutions for the Third World Energy Crisis Averting a Long-Term Food Crisis in the Developing World The Political Effects of Strengthening Essential Public Sector Institutions Types of Political Institutions Third World Countries Need The Implications of Gender Inequality in Education on Third World Economic Development The Significant Welfare Losses Sustained by the Third World Due to Transnational Crime Ways the Free Market Ideology Harms Subsistence Farmers in Developing Countries The Role of Information Technology in Helping Enhance Gender Equality in Developing Nations and Improving Long-Term Economic Growth How a Strong Media Sector Acts as a Viable Strategy for Stabilizing the Politics of the Third World Social and Cultural Exclusion in the Third World How Technology Adoption is Changing the Third World The Challenges of Ending Hunger in Poor Nations Some of these are pretty broad, but you can focus on specific themes or countries if you want. Just make sure the topic is relevant and useful. Feel free to use any of these topics as is or as inspiration to come up with your own. The references at the end of this guide includes plenty of sources which can be used to research these specific topics. If you are still stuck despite deciding on a topic, we have more reference materials for you. Our 23 facts on political and economic development in the third world plus the guide on writing an analytical essay about it will get you started. Additionally, the following example can get your creativity to flow and help you with your upcoming essay. Sample Analytical Essay: The Implications of Gender Inequality in Education on Third World Economic Development Denying the chance to be educated is a violation of an intrinsic human right. This, however, is exactly what happens to young girls in most of the underdeveloped countries of the world. Young females face exclusion in all levels of education and are at a significant disadvantage as compared to boys. What local societies in underdeveloped countries fail to understand, though, is that they can break out of the perpetual cycle of poverty if their female population is properly educated. Global humanitarian programs have traditionally focused on ensuring primary education at the least for the growing female population in the third world. New research, however, indicates that education throughout adolescence is the best way to ensure economic growth. While this is a difficult goal which will require a lot of resources, commitment and innovative thinking, the benefits nations will reap are more than worth the effort. Educated women help their families flourish. They are in a better position to make more informed decisions about their families, the latter which are considered the bases of modern society. Moreover, if allowed to enter the workforce, they can contribute to the annual income of their households and even positively impact the economy. Therefore, it is safe to say that education paves the road for women to become active members of society. Another way education can help is by empowering women to stand up for their basic rights. Women in third world countries have to deal with domestic abuse, discriminatory laws, and the lack of equal employment opportunities. All these issues lead to women feeling powerless. Education, however, can give them the confidence they need to take control of their lives. As they will be capable of joining the workforce, they will not need to depend on their spouses for every single thing or bear with their oppressive behaviors. The right kind of education and mentorship will further help females recognize their strengths and take on leadership roles at a young age. Empowering women through education allows them to confidently interact with members of the society around them and may even motivate them to participate in the political process as well. Another significant advantage offered by investing in educating young women is addressing climate change. One of the most effective strategies which can be used to limit carbon emissions is to control population growth. Research indicates that educating women slows down population growth. In fact, the difference between a woman who has 12 years of schooling and one who has no education is about 4 to 5 children per woman. This basic right needs to be guaranteed, especially in regions where conflicts and emergencies occur. Parents should never have to face the choice of educating a girl or keeping her out of harms way. Girls living in countries where violence is the norm are often kept out of schools. Such regions need to be especially targeted by international efforts. The psychological and social well-being of girls living in such difficult situations depends on those efforts. This is just a simple draft to inspire you. Remember to use the references below to add more information and facts to your essay or else your instructor will be stingy while grading your essay. References: Sperling, G., Winthrop, R., Kwauk, C. What works in girls education. McMichael, P. (2012). Development and social change. Los Angeles: SAGE. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,. Culture, Economic Development and the Third World (p. 8). Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Bird, R., Casanegra de Jantscher, M. (1992). Improving tax administration in developing countries. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Di John, J. (2006) The Political Economy of Taxation and Tax Reform in Developing Countries, World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) Research Paper No. 2006/74, Helsinki: United Nations University-WIDER. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigenda)un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf Kaufmann, Daniel (2006), â€Å"Media, Governance and Development,† Keynote Presentation, UNESCO World Press Freedom Day Meeting. The World Bank,. (2016). Gender Equality and Economic Development The Role for Information and Communication Technologies. Washington DC: The Knowledge for Development Program of the World Bank Institute. Magdoff, F. (2008). The World Food Crisis: Sources and Solutions. Monthly Review. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://monthlyreview.org/2008/05/01/the-world-food-crisis-sources-and-solutions/ Patrick, S. (2012). The Internationalist  » How Transnational Crime Hinders Development- and What to Do About It. Council on Foreign Relations The Internationalist. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://blogs.cfr.org/patrick/2012/06/26/how-transnational-crime-hinders-development-and-what-to-do-about-it/ Political Institutions, a., Pereira, C., Teles, V. (2011). Political Institutions, Economic Growth, and Democracy: The Substitute Effect. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/01/19-political-institutions-pereira worldbank.org,. (2016). Poverty Analysis Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction. Retrieved 3 March 2016 Packer, G. (2016). The Megacity. The New Yorker, (2006 ISSUE). Retrieved from newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/13/the-megacity United Nations, (2015). 2015 Human Development Report Retrieved from http://report.hdr.undp.org/ Adams, W. (2009). Green development. London: Routledge. World Economic Forum,. (2016). Global Risks.Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2015/part-2-risks-in-focus/2-3-city-limits-the-risks-of-rapid-and-unplanned-urbanization-in-developing-countries/#view/fn-6 Pendse, D. (1979). The energy crisis and Third World options. Third World Quarterly, 1(4), 69-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597908419461 Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, â€Å"Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?† Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (Fall 2003):119-44 World Economic Outlook, April 2015, p.48 (PDF). Retrieved 2015-04-11. Money market. (2016). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from britannica.com/topic/money-market/The-money-markets-of-other-countries Verspoor, Adriaan. Pathways to Change: Improving the Quality of Education in Developing Countries. World Bank Discussion Papers 53. (n.d.) Global Financial Integrity, â€Å"Transnational Crime in the Developing World†,2011

7 Surprising Facts About Homeschooling

7 Surprising Facts About Homeschooling If youre new to the idea of homeschooling, you may think its just like traditional school, but without the classroom.  In some  ways, youd be right -  but there are many important differences. And those differences make homeschooling the best choice for many families.   Whether youre a new  homeschooler  or are just curious about how it works, here are seven facts about homeschooling that may surprise you. 1. Homeschoolers Dont Have to Do the Same Work as Kids in School In some states, public school students have the option to  do their work at home online. Because theyre still enrolled in the public school system, those students follow the same curriculum as kids in school. But in general, homeschoolers also have the option to create their own curriculum -  or not use a curriculum at all. Often they choose lots of hands-on activities and ​learning resources other than textbooks. So instead of trying to keep up with what students in their grade are doing, homeschooling students can study Ancient Greece while their peers study the Civil War. They can  explore states of matter with dry ice  or go  in-depth on evolution  while kids their age are memorizing the parts of a flower. The freedom to follow childrens interests is one of the aspects of homeschooling many families like best. 2. Homeschooling Parents Stay up to Date on How Children Learn and Grow To keep their teaching license current, classroom teachers may be required to attend professional development workshops. At these workshops, they study the latest information and strategies about how children learn. But research on education topics like learning styles, brain development, and the links between physical activity and memory can be found in books, magazines and websites available to the public as well. Thats why even homeschooling parents who dont have teaching degrees are familiar with the latest information on how to be a better teacher. Whats more, experienced homeschoolers -  including those with a professional background in education or child development - are very willing to offer support to other homeschoolers, whether online or at  parent meetings. So the knowledge base within the homeschool community is vast and easily accessible. 3. Its Not Unusual for Classroom Teachers to Homeschool Their Own Children Nobody knows how schools really operate better than classroom teachers. So its not surprising that  many licensed, trained, experienced public school educators decide to homeschool their  kids. As they will tell you, homeschooling lets them use their skills and experience without a lot of  red tape. At home, dedicated professional teachers can create the kind of  learning environment every child should have. 4. Were Still Waiting for a Good Study of Homeschooling You may have  read articles that claim homeschoolers do better than average on standardized tests, come from wealthier families, and homeschool mainly because of religious beliefs. None of the conventional wisdom about homeschooling is backed by rigorous scientific research, however. Most of the statistics you read were collected by groups with a vested interest in proving  that either homeschooling is a cure-all for American education or the end of civilization as we know it. The true answer is more complicated and yet to be reliably studied. 5. Lots of Homeschooling Parents Are Also Working Parents Along with the idea that homeschooling families are wealthier than average is the notion that teaching your own children means one parent must be home full time  and not working. This is not true. Homeschoolers come up with many creative ways to balance work and homeschooling. 6. Homeschoolers Dont Need a High School Diploma to Get into College Colleges have come to recognize that homeschool students are as well prepared as traditionally-schooled students for college life. Thats why they often have a special application process for  college-bound homeschoolers  that takes into account their varied backgrounds. Some homeschoolers also get around requirements for standardized tests like the SAT by taking enough community college classes while in high school to apply as transfer students. 7. Homeschoolers Can Get Many of the Same Educator Discounts as Classroom Teachers Classroom teachers know that national chains and local stores that carry school supplies, art materials, books, and teaching aids often offer educator discounts. In many cases, homeschooling parents can get these discounts too. Stores that have offered discounts include Barnes Noble and Staples. Special educator discounts extend to field trips as well. Museums, summer camps, amusement parks and other educational and recreation venues have learned that offering special events and programs for homeschoolers can boost business during slow periods. For instance, Old Sturbridge Village in Massachusetts, the Colonial-era living museum, has run popular Home School Days for several years. Some national companies also include homeschoolers in competitions and incentive programs aimed at school kids. For example, homeschoolers can earn rewards for reading from the Six Flags chain of amusement parks and Pizza Hut restaurants. Policies change, so its always a good idea to ask. You may also want to be prepared to show proof that you homeschool, such as  a letter from the school district or your  homeschool group membership card.

Risk Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Reflection - Coursework Example unication imparted the message that driving under the influence is â€Å"not the best mix.† In addition, the visuals indicated a car dipping in a wine glass full of red wine. The color itself creates the impression of blood. The statistics in the communication indicate that at least 27 people die from drunk driving yearly. The risk communication on drunk driving applies the theory of outrage factors by alerting people and reassuring them (Sandman et al., 2012). The risk communication acts as an alert trying to protect people from the perils of drunk driving. In addition, it offers reassurance that by choosing the right mix (not drinking and driving), the risk would not occur. The statistics provided amplifies the risk by indicating that it is proven that driving under the influence is risky and can lead to death. The communication has some psychological effect on the public. It continues to alert the public that they ought not to be part of the statistic. Such a statement amplifies the risk by have a psychological impact on the public on the need to keep off from drunk driving. The risk communication on drunk driving is still open to modifications to ensure that it addresses the severity of the conditions. As such, it is important the message include the penalties applicable for the offence. The communicator focuses not on the effects of drinking, but the effects of driving under the influence. The message passed across is that individuals should not drink and drive. The main issue is driving under the influence. The hazard evokes a feeling of responsibility towards one’s life. As such, it is so irresponsible for an individual to drive while drunk amid all the communication against such an act. Sandman, P., Miller, P., Johnson, B., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Agency Communication, Community Outrage, and Perception of Risk: Three Simulation Experiments. Risk Analysis, 13(6), 585-598.

Mother Natures Daughters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mother Natures Daughters - Essay Example s actually admitted their failure to respond immediately, to wit: â€Å"our system clearly has structural flaws for addressing catastrophic incidents† (The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, 2006, p. 66). Therefore, the result was a loss of 1,300 lives and properties destroyed amount to about $96 billion (The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned, 2006). The estimated cost of properties destroyed were later revised to reach $148 billion and the total number of lives lost apparently reached 1,833 (Newman, 2012). On the other hand, the federal and state officials’ response to Hurricane Sandy were deemed to be far better since the lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina enabled legislators to make the necessary changes in emergency and natural disaster preparedness and response. Due to the marked improvement in response, there were only 132 deaths which were reported and an estimated damage amounting to about $71 billion (Newman, 2012). The greater coordination and concerted collaboration among federal and state agencies were instrumental in the improved response. As acknowledged, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was tasked to â€Å"work with our federal, state, tribal and local partners, as well as voluntary organizations, the private sector, and others to respond to the aftermath of Sandy† (FEMA, 2012, par. 1). The Federal responses were better with Hurricane Sandy as could be deduced from the extensive collaboration and cooperative efforts that transpired since the time that the tropical storm was reportedly monitored. Upon review of the timeline of events during Hurricane Sandy’s path of entry to the United States, it could be assessed that FEMA, as the main coordinating agency, seriously adhered to its role and responsibilities through closely coordinating with local state officials, especially the states of New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Boston, among others. It is kept in close contact with other

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT hw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT hw - Essay Example invested in this cash conversion cycle, which assumes a 365-day year and are as follows. Inventory = ($10,000,000 *.075 * (60/365) = $1,232,877 + Accounts receivable = (10,000,000 * (40/365) = 1,095,890 -Accounts payable = (10,000,000 * 0.75 *0.65) *35/365 = 467,466 $1,861,301 =Resources Invested Changes in any of the times period will change the resources tied up in operations. If MAX could reduce the average collection period on its accounts receivable by 5 days, it would shorten the cash conversion timeline and thus reduce the amount of resources MAX has invested in operations. For MAX, a 5-day reduction in the average collection period would reduce the number of resources invested in the cash conversion cycle by $136,986 [$10,000,000 *5/365]. This answer is appropriate because the cash conversion cycle is a basis for discussing how the firm funds its required investment in operating assets. First, differentiate between permanent and seasonal funding needs and describe aggressive and conservative seasonal funding strategies (Gitman, 2009). 17. Mad Money CNBC Jim Cramer always believes that there is a bull market somewhere. Jim Cramer wants to help his audience find it. Inside the mind of Jim Cramer, is a report from one of the most successful traders on Wall Street. His goal is to help the watching audience make money on Wall Street. Cramer's Internet site is here to provide Internet users with updates throughout the day of Jim Cramer's Stock Picks. The site provides recaps CNBC's Mad Money. Jim Cramer also sells collectibles on his site. The mad money store has several items of interest to his viewers are sold, for example the talking Jim Cramer bobble head character. If a viewer misses, an episode he tapes them every week and the video will appear on the website, Under Jim Cramer Video collection. Jim Cramer this week visited with his viewers about the deal with T-Mobile and ATT. He referred to this as a good stock buy for this week but warned viewers to w atch the trends on the combined companies. He highlighted the problems revolving around the Middle Eastern crisis. Cramer suggested how to eject them out of power. and how having the United States in the involvement of war with Kaddafi is fueling higher prices, therefore putting a barrel of oil out of everyone's reach. The economy depends on the Middle East oil until the United States authorizes use of the United States own reserves. Japans nuclear crisis is slowly stabilizing, and the country must at the present time focus on repairing the damage wrought by the devastating earthquake. Cramer mentioned the continued barrage of bad news is endlessly bad, therefore making investors fearful. Continued pessimistic approaches to the news are keeping stock prices lower. Although gold and silver, continue to climb. The show will attract more investors, which are trying to day trade or are simply trying investing on their own for the first time. The present economy serving only the rich

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community - Essay Example Attendance is described as good as the school district has partnered with a truancy solution company and as such has launched a campaign to encourage students to attend school regularly. As a result, school attendance has improved by 10%. The latest report reflects that daily attendance is at just over 94%. District Setting Administration For administrative purposes the school district is divided into four categories: elementary schools, middle schools, high schools and special schools. There are 68 elementary schools, 18 middle schools, 15 high schools and 8 special schools. Each school is run by a principal who reports to the Superintendent for the district. The superintendent is assisted by a deputy superintendent for administration, a deputy superintendent for curriculum and instruction and a deputy superintendent for business and financial services. The superintendent and the various deputy superintendents coordinate all aspects of the administration of the school with the princ ipals. Student Data Enrolment for the 2010-2011 academic year is 94, 702. The district accepts students from the age of 4 for pre-kindergarten. Once students are registered at an elementary school, registration is no longer necessary. Students come from diverse ethnic and social backgrounds. However, 67% of the student body is Hispanic. District Mission The school district’s mission is to provide an exemplary education with above average educators and an intensive extracurricular program. In addition the school district’s mission is to foster an environment that is family oriented. In other words, the school district encourages close community between the staff, teachers, administrators, the study body and the families. The school district readily admits that its wants to be the best place in the state for families. Thus its mission is to foster a connection between the schools and parents, business and members of the community generally. This is because the school dis trict takes the position that while the child’s education is significant for society’s future, the family provides the key to learning. As such, parents are not only obligated to be actively involved in the education of the child, but also have an inalienable right to be involved. The school district prides itself on its advanced technology, innovative facilities and highly qualified staff. These factors have made the school district appealing to both staff and families in terms of recruiting students and educators. The school district has a strategic plan which targets the enhancement of its students’ academic and social achievement. It also endeavors to provide a climate for learning that is safe. This is accomplished by emphasizing the recruitment and retention of exemplary staff, keeping up with modern technology and fostering communications with the external public and fortifying partnerships with the business community. Mission/Philosophy Public Relations The school district’s school/community relations mission is guided by the philosophy that the community is a stakeholder in its schools. As such, two-way lines of communication must be open so that the school district operates transparently and the community is therefore fully informed of all issues impacting the operation and success of the school. An informed community is in a more effective position to participate in the school distr

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui Research Paper

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui - Research Paper Example Cho was able to buy these weapons despite the psychological problem he was afflicted with and that was in the records. At around 7:15 AM he killed two students. He sent some videos to NBC News proclaiming himself to be Jesus Christ and revealing his contempt towards the wealthy students and â€Å"deceitful charlatans† (Hagan, 2010, p. 212). After two hours he entered a classroom, shut the main entrance doors and resumed to murder several students and faculty at large in 170 rounds. He had already used 174 bullets and 203 live cartridges were recovered. Several students and professors acted bravely and managed to escape and also save some others. If police had not arrived on time, further killings would have occurred. The following report will analyze the various aspects of the massacre and especially the accused along with the action taken by the VPI Campus Police Department. An analysis of behavioral theory about Seung-Hui Cho would have led to an early identification of this negativity in the student and perhaps could have prevented the massacre. Cho’s behavior can be analyzed with the help of Trait Theory, especially Psychodynamic Trait Theory proposed by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. The theory asserts that criminality is a result of abnormal biological or psychological characteristics. Biological this might be explained as follows: â€Å"Chemical and mineral imbalance leads to cognitive and learning deficits†¦and these factors in turn are associated with antisocial behavior† (Schechter, 2003, p. 100). Psychological Freud has put forward a theory, which has become significant with time. According to Freud, â€Å"â€Å"[the] residue of the most significant emotional attachments of our childhood, which then guides our future interpersonal relationships† (Siegel, 2005, p. 111). This theory comprises of three components – id, ego and super ego. The id dominates one’s basic needs like sleep, food habits,

Dance Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Dance Critique - Essay Example the dancers illuminated and ground break in their distinctive ways and stunning costumes forming â€Å"The Essential Balanchine† for the opening night making it the most thrilling, transcendent and unforgettable one. Socially, Balanchine put prominence on changing into modern form and get rid of the extremes and embellishments of the dance style used during the 19th Century. Additionally, he revolutionizes and redefines the function and place of the ballerina, offering her a daring, innovative mobility style in addition to a sense of freedom and empowerment. Firstly, the kind of costumes worn by many dancers while performing shows a complete change from those used during the 19th Century and this portrays evolution of the dancing performance to the social life of the audience especially young generations as the American school was commonly comprised of young generation. For example, the three ballets were originally choreographed by Balanchine for the school of American Ballet back in 1930-s to act as a class work for students where they could vigorously practice to perfect their dance performances (Walter, 2001). However, the use of stunning dancing costumes can negatively impact the society su ch that some young generations have grown imitating some of the dancers as their role models in terms of dressing, walking and even talking and this has accelerated the incidences of crime in our society such as raping especially to young girls who are going half naked in towns in the name of imitating a particular dancer or artist. Despite a few dislikes in terms of dance setting, costumes and the message of the various dancing rhythms used by dances among the three Ballets, we cannot assume some of the movement skills used by different dancers while performing on the stage. The use of facial expressions/movements, dance steps, and catches are very interesting and cannot go unnoticed by the

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui Research Paper

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui - Research Paper Example Cho was able to buy these weapons despite the psychological problem he was afflicted with and that was in the records. At around 7:15 AM he killed two students. He sent some videos to NBC News proclaiming himself to be Jesus Christ and revealing his contempt towards the wealthy students and â€Å"deceitful charlatans† (Hagan, 2010, p. 212). After two hours he entered a classroom, shut the main entrance doors and resumed to murder several students and faculty at large in 170 rounds. He had already used 174 bullets and 203 live cartridges were recovered. Several students and professors acted bravely and managed to escape and also save some others. If police had not arrived on time, further killings would have occurred. The following report will analyze the various aspects of the massacre and especially the accused along with the action taken by the VPI Campus Police Department. An analysis of behavioral theory about Seung-Hui Cho would have led to an early identification of this negativity in the student and perhaps could have prevented the massacre. Cho’s behavior can be analyzed with the help of Trait Theory, especially Psychodynamic Trait Theory proposed by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. The theory asserts that criminality is a result of abnormal biological or psychological characteristics. Biological this might be explained as follows: â€Å"Chemical and mineral imbalance leads to cognitive and learning deficits†¦and these factors in turn are associated with antisocial behavior† (Schechter, 2003, p. 100). Psychological Freud has put forward a theory, which has become significant with time. According to Freud, â€Å"â€Å"[the] residue of the most significant emotional attachments of our childhood, which then guides our future interpersonal relationships† (Siegel, 2005, p. 111). This theory comprises of three components – id, ego and super ego. The id dominates one’s basic needs like sleep, food habits,

Human Resource Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Planning - Essay Example Human resource planning (HRP) is an "information decision making process designed to ensure that enough competent people with appropriate skills are available to perform jobs where and when they will be needed" (Kohl). It is a vital function that includes and supports the corporate strategy, and then deploys the necessary human capital where it is called for in the organization by the strategy. HRP includes the activities like Recruiting, performance appraisal, training and development. Recruiting can be done in planned in two ways- outsourcing or internal recruitment. Internal recruitment can be taken through direct placements from outside or through performance appraisal of exiting staff. Performance appraisals stresses on the skills that will be required for employees to move into higher level positions via promotion, where as training and development efforts need to be designed to provide these skills. 'However HRP during the 1960s and 1970s was about getting the right people at the right time. But in 1980s and 1990s HRP was about managing downsizing and redundancy. But at the beginning of the 21st century HRP appears to be more and more orientated towards dealing with the skill shortages faced by large organizations.' (James) Corporate strategic plans can only be achieved when the organization is staffed with the right kind and number human resources at the right time to offer the necessary skills, knowledge, abilities according to the planned task. Successful planning and handling of Human resource needs can become a competitive advantage or disadvantage to the organization. Having excessive or too few employees create problems for organizations. In general organizations don't tend to keep human resources on bench for three reasons. Human resources are costly; Productive work cannot be performed with unplanned resources; finally non utilization of productive resources results in poor economy, (who other wise would have been engaged in more productive work). On the other side, shortage of Human resource is also not a desirable Practice. For example, a supermarket store during the promotional scheme day requires more sales people than the other days. But when the necessity is wrongly estimated or neglected, it may also result in loss of employee efficiency due to heavy customer service demand. Customers that are waiting in long lines may turn away from the store taking their business elsewhere. Such problems can be reduced or eliminated through effective human resource planning. Also during the cases of divestment practice of unprofitable factories, HRP provides the exact guidelines on whether to divert the staff to the existin g factory or to retrench them completely. Against: As Rothwell (1995) suggests, 'Apart from isolated examples, there has been little research evidence of increased use or of its success. Being inadequate and not matching with other planning systems and lack of structured supporting system results in the failure of human resource planning efforts. There are different perceptions on the purpose of HRP; others have noted: Some perceive it as manpower planning primarily in terms of budgeting to control labor costs; and to other it is a management development technique; and for some other organizations it is a process of HR back ups and replacements for current employees; and also it is perceived as human resources informational system

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay The oriental school of economic thought basically deals with the study of the origin of economic thought from various ancient societies including the Hindu, Hebrew, Indian, Roman, Greek, and Islamic societies. It has been observed that the main area looked into by the Hebrews and Hindus was based on agricultural economics and all this information was drawn from the writing of the pious law givers who were present at the time. These ancient writings consisted of ideas on various economic aspects such as: division of labour, cottage industries, forest and mines, trade and trading practices, concept of wealth, transport, banking and loans, etc. Some of the writers who also played a role in the development of this economic thought include Roman writers such as Cicero, Pliny Gato, Varro and Columella. During this period, and until the industrial revolution, economics was not a separate discipline but part of philosophy. Its evolution into a distinct discipline of study in the social sciences can be attributed greatly to these early writers. Roman law also developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. This large body of law was unified as the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 530s AD by Justinian, who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Ancient India, Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce money to support this large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu also pioneered free trade during his reign. Many of the topics discussed during these ancient times are still prevalent in modern economics, including discussions on the management of a solid and efficient economy and the ethics of economics. These ancient thoughts als o focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ancient economic thought is very much wide and its study provides a broad basis for comparison of the ancient approach to economic issues as compared to issues arising in the modern world economies. The large number of ancient thinkers who contributed to this thought differed in beliefs and practices. Also, information on some of these ancient cultural-economic practices is very scanty and thus makes this enquiry into the oriental school of economic thought necessary so as to be able to get a better understanding of the underlying economic issues of both the past and present. JUSTIFICATION With the evolution of economics, many writers have come up with different theories about different areas in the subject. So as to be able to critically assess these different theories and understand the unity which connects us with the ancient times, knowledge on the origin of the early stages of economic thought is necessary for one to be able to take a well informed and unbiased stand on contentious economic issues arising today and hence the need for this study. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the principles and concepts of the oriental school of economic thought. To know the key contributors of ancient economic thought. To evaluate and criticize how the ancient societies carried out their economic activities. To find out the major contributions of the oriental school of thought to the body of knowledge that exists today. To get a clearer understanding of the position of economics as a distinct member of a group of social sciences. Ancient near East Economic organizations in the earliest civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were driven by the need to efficiently grow crops in the river basins. The Euphrates and Nile Valleys were homes to earliest examples of codified measurements written in base 60 and Egyptian fractions. Keepers of royal granaries and absentee Egyptian land owners reported in the Heganakht Papyri. Historians of this period note that the major tool of accounting for agrarian societies, the sales used to measure grain inventory, reflected dual religious and ethical symbolic meaning. The Erlenmeyer tablets give a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and shows an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency. Egyptians measured work output in man-days. The development of sophisticated economic administration continued in the Euphrates and Nile Valleys during the Babylonian Empi re and Egyptian Empires when trading units spread through the Near East within monetary systems. Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later. The city states of Sumer developed a trade market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and their city state neighbours later developed the earliest system of economics using a metric of various commodities, which was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Ancient Greco-Roman world Some prominent classical scholars assert that relevant economic thought was based on metaphysical principles which are incommensurate with contemporary dominant economic theories such as neo-classical economics. However, several ancient Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations especially Aristotle and Xenophon. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of Greshams law is presented in Aristophanes Frogs, and beyond Platos application of sophisticated mathematical advances influenced by the Pythagoreans in his appreciation of flat money in his Laws: (742 a-b) and in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue, Eryxlas. Bryson of Heraclea was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Muslim economic scholarship. The influence of Babylonian and Persian thought on Greek administrative economics is present in the work of Greek historian Xenophon. Discussions of economic principles are especially present in his Oeconomicus, his biography of Cyrus the Great, Cyropaedia, Hiero and Ways and Means. Hiero is a minor work which includes discussion of leaders stimulating private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes. Ways and Means is a short treatise on economic development, and showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale and advocated laws promoting foreign merchants. The Oeconomicus disc uses the administration of agricultural land. In the work, subjective personal value of goods is analyzed and compared with exchange value; Xenophon gives an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon presents what in hindsight can be seen as the foundation for a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Xenophon discusses the concept of division of labour, referencing specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop. Marx attributes to Cyropaedia the idea that the division of labour correlates to the size of a market. Roman law developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. Ancient India Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce monies to support his large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu I also pioneered free trade during his reign, a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade. Chanakya (c. 350 BC 275 BC) considered economic issues. He was a professor of Political Science at the Takshashila University of Ancient India, and later the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the Arthashastra (science of material gain). Many of the topics discussed in the Arthashastra are still prevalent in modern economics, including its discussions in the management of an efficient and solid economy. Chanakya also focuses on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that hold a society together. The Arthashastra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient or solid economy. The qualities described are in effect that of a command economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. Chanakya writes on the economic duties of a king: The king shall be ever active in the management of the economy. The root of wealth is economic activity and lack of it brings material distress. In the absence of fruitful economic activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed. A king can achieve the desired objectives and abundance of riches by undertaking productive economic activity. Ancient China Ideal and effective economic policy was long sort for in ancient China, one of the greatest early reformers being the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (r. 221 BC 210 BC), who standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states once he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy (which the Zhou dynasty had always lacked). However, one of the greatest reformists in China lived during the medieval Song dynasty (960 1279 AD), that being Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021 1086 AD). Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers who he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Replacing the corvee labour service with a tax instead, he enacted government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of one million troops and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyalists so that his reforms could pass quickly with less time for conservatives to oppose it in court. Medieval Islamic World To some degree, the early Muslims based their economic analyses on the Quran (such as the opposition of riba, interest) and from Sunnah, the sayings and doings of Muhammad. Early Muslim thinkers, Al-Ghazali (1058 1111 A.D.) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Persian philosopher Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi (1201 1274) presents an early definition of economics (what he calls Hekmat-e-madani, the science of city life) in discourse three of his ethics: the study of universal laws governing the public interest welfare: in so far as they are directed, through cooperation, toward the optimal (i.e. perfection). Many scholars trace the history of economic thought through the Muslim world, which was in a Golden Age from the 8th to 13th century and whose philosophy continued the work of the Greek Hellenistic thinkers and came to influence Aquinas when Europe rediscovered Greek philosophy through Arabic translation. A common theme among these scholars was the praise of economic activity and even self-interested accumulation of wealth. The influence of earlier Greek and Hellenistic thought on the Muslim world began largely when Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who sponsored the translation of Greek texts into Arabic in the 9th century by Syrian Christians in Baghdad. But already by that time numerous Muslim scholars had written on economic issues, and early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts to enforce fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production, use of credit instruments for banking, including rudimentary savings and checking of accounts, a nd contract law. The origins of capitalism and free markets can be traced back to Caliphate where the first market economy and earliest form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as Islamic capitalism. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Innovative new business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by economists, merchants and traders during this time. Such innovations included the earliest trading companies, credit cards, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long distance, international trade, the first forms of partnerships and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama-al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts, startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. MAIN FINDINGS After going through the history of the oriental school of thought in the previous section, the following economic aspects come out clearly as having been discovered and practiced by these early thinkers: The Concept of Production and Technology Ancient leaders stimulated private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes to successful inventors and producers. Economies of Scale Ways and Means was a short treatise on economic development written by Xenophon, which showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale in production activity and advocated for laws promoting foreign merchants. Administration of Agricultural Land Agriculture was considered the most dignified occupation. In ancient India, the state took a leading part in developing agriculture and also demanded a fixed share of the gross produce. Price system The early law codes from Sumer were the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Grain and Labour Inputs Relationship The Erlenmeyer tablets gave a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and showed an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency in production. Output of Work The Egyptians measured work output in man-days. Monetary Units The Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later and hence the development of monetary units. Value Subjective personal value of goods was analyzed and compared with exchange value. Xenophon gave an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. Theory of Fair Exchange Xenophon presented what in hindsight could be seen as the foundation of a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Division of Labour Xenophon discussed the concept of division of labour, with reference to specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop who specialised in different tasks. Free Trade Parakramabahu I pioneered free trade during his reign, this is evident because a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade in ancient India. Welfare In India the leaders insisted on ensuring that the population as a whole has to be well looked after. For example, Chanakya focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that held a society together. Standardized Coin Currency Emperor Qin Shi Huang of Ancient China, standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states after he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy. Low Cost Loans For Farmers In Ancient China Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers whom he considered to be the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Land Tax This was a source of revenue for the Ancient Chinese government from farmers, because during that period agriculture was the main driver of the economy. Fiscal and Monetary Financing The Muslim leaders enforced various policy measures including fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production and use of credit instruments for banking. Banking The early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts indlucing rudimentary savings and checking accounts, and contract law. Monetary Economy Between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as the period of Islamic capitalism, a vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent of each other. SUGGESTIONS The social organization manifested by the ancient civilizations should be critically looked at and applied to solve some socioeconomic problems still present today, especially in the developing nations. The organization of government and formulation of policies during the ancient times leaves a lot to be admired. Governments of the modern economies should pick some of these values. The concept of politics being looked at separately from economics and policy formulation should be followed in todays modern economies for faster development and equality in the distribution of wealth. Welfare economics should be taken as seriously as it was taken in ancient times. For example, during periods of drought or famine, governments should not let particular groups of people suffer and instead they should distribute the available resources to the entire population. CONCLUSION Theres no question or doubt as to whether ancient economic philosophies are still in extensive use today. The modern economy has evolved over centuries to become what it is today. The study of the history of economic thought enables the student to appreciate the contributions various writers have made to development of economics as a discipline. Although ancient economic theories were sometimes unclear, contradictory, or presented in a rudimentary manner, they form the basis of economic analysis today. These theories are still being used today by the worlds largest and most complicated and sophisticated economies. BIBLIPGRAPHY Falgas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, A. Effie, (2006). Arab Science in the Golden Age (750-1258) and Today. The FASEB Journal 20(10): 1581-1586. Hosseini, S. Hamid (2003). Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economic Thought and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap. S. Lowry (2003). Ancient Medieval Economics. In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J.A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell pp. 11-27. Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press.

Anti-Death Penalty Essay -- Capital Punishment Death Penalty essays pa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us suppose that killing, as a form of punishment, is morally and universally accepted. Would it then be acceptable to issue this to some, while letting others avoid it? It is acceptable to our criminal justice system for it seems to be standard operating procedure. Many believe the death penalty based on the â€Å"Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth† concept. The death penalty is improper due to the price and time of executing someone, that it isn’t a deterrent against violent crime, and how immoral and contradicting it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are popular arguments in today’s public to support the death penalty. Some say that if we kill a man sentenced to the death penalty, it costs less than to keep that inmate locked up for the rest of his life. Also, the public feels that if we show violent offenders that they will be killed if they kill another, it will make them think twice about killing. Finally, people feel if someone is convicted of murder, they should be sentenced to the death penalty. However, research and facts show these arguments are not well founded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A popular argument says that we spend too much money to incarcerate prisoners. A study done in Florida shows the price tag on issuing a death penalty is 3.1 million dollars; as where the typical life sentence costs 1 million dollars (Walker 108). That is a 3100% difference in the price of executing someone compared to putting them in jail for life. Also, executions take up to fifteen years or longer to be carri...

Heroic Slave Rebel in Delaneys Blake or the Huts of America and Dougla

Heroic Slave Rebel in Delaney's Blake or the Huts of America and Douglass' Heroic Slave The fundamental element of a successful slave rebellion is a heroic slave rebel. Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass' The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delany's Blake or the Huts of America serve as models of that rebel. First, he must possess a will to stay and fight-he must not be content to just run away and gain individual freedom, abandoning his family and friends. Second, he needs intelligence, and preferably education as well, to be able to organize large, complex plans of rebellion. Finally, he must be a natural leader, drawing fellow slaves and free abolitionists to follow him and fight for his cause. Throughout the novels, examples of all of these characteristics can be found in both heroic slave rebels. For most American slaves, there were only two paths to freedom: running away or successfully plotting and carrying out a rebellion. The path of flight was much easier and was the path chosen by almost all dissatisfied slaves who decided to take action. The slave who decided to stay and fight instead of fleeing had to have a force holding him back. This force could be described as a sense of duty to family and friends or a remarkable desire to make a change in the nation as a whole rather than just improving his own life. Both Madison Washington and Henry Blake, like all heroic slave rebels, were affected by this force, held back by it. They had acquired their individual freedom through flight, but then were called back to aid their families and friends. Without this force pulling them back, they would have been content to remain as runaways in Canada and would not have become heroic slave rebels. Throughout th... ...hite man, I would have followed willingly and gladly in any honorable enterprise" (Douglass 68). Madison Washington's leadership skills during the insurrection aboard the ship were so great that they even impressed an old, prejudiced white sailor. Without this quality of leadership, his rebellion would have never been executed successfully. These three characteristics-a will to stay and fight instead of running, intelligence, and great leadership-are all necessary to the successful rebel. Both Madison Washington of Frederick Douglass' The Heroic Slave and Henry Blake of Martin Delaney's Blake or the Huts of America embodied these characteristics and serve as good examples of the heroic slave rebel. Works Cited Delaney, Martin R. Blake or the Hunts of America. Boston: Beacon, 1970. Douglass, Frederick. The Heroic Slave. New York, Penguin Books, 2003.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical path method Essay

Project management triangle is the symbol that represents the money, time and scope items in a project, which has been modeled by Harold Kerzner. Given the wide range of project management tools available, the key to selecting the right one is to understand that different tools are needed along the different stages of a project life cycle. Graphical displays such as gantt-charts usually make the information easy to identify; and we can easily use it for tracking cost, schedule and performance. Gantt charts are used for exhibiting program progress or defining specific work required to accomplish an objective. They often include such items as listing of activities, activity duration, schedule dates, and progress-to-date. PERT also is used which stands for â€Å"Program evaluation and review technique†. It is also called â€Å"critical path method†. It is an event-oriented planning aid, usually computerized used to estimate project duration when there is uncertainty in estimates of duration times for individual activities. It helps the project team to order the activities that must be completed to implement a decision. A Work Breakdown Structure is a results-oriented family tree that captures all the work of a project in an organized way. WBS breaks down project into major modules by breaking down into activities and, finally, into individual tasks. Identifies activities, tasks, resource requirements and relationships between modules and activities. The prime benefit of WBS is its effective aid in the planning process. As WBS evolves, it becomes easier to revise and update plans. Responsibilities can be assigned at different points of the WBS hierarchical tree, both managerial and technological. The main rationale behind crashing activities is to analyze the normal activity costs and costs under maximum crashing and to find the shortest times with crashing. And we must realize that new paths may become critical and make sure that all of the alternatives are true. And the main rationale to use PERT or CPM is the approach of timing. With CPM, we define that activities have certain completion times with minimal deviations. With PERT approach, we assume that activities have average completion times with a standard deviation, therefore time is an uncertainty.

Chemical Reactions Are Basis of Our Life Essay

Chemical reactions are the basis of life on earth. As human beings, we are little more than the naturally abundant elements of which we are composed and the reactions between the compounds that they form. After all, how could life exist without water? Oxygen transport in a body the size of the human body would be impossible without the aid of a complex like hemoglobin. Besides being the basis of many of life’s intangibles, chemistry also plays an active role in our daily lives. Take for instance everyday household cleaning. If you’re like me, you like to eat off of clean dishes, prepare food on a clean surface, and use clean restroom facilities. Taking the cleaning of any of these areas into your own hands requires a little chemical knowledge. Have you ever scrubbed away at some grease or oil that just won’t come out? That’s because we are used to most of the â€Å"gunk† that we clean up being a polar substance. Water is also a polar substance, and since like dissolves like, most polar substances dissolve easily in water. However, when we introduce water to big greasy hydrocarbon chains (usually called alkanes, or fats and oils as we know them), the water just slides right over them and our plate stays greasy. This is because fats, oils, and waxes are nonpolar substances. If instead of using water we used less polar mineral spirits (not recommended on food prep items), those greasy alkanes would be dissolved in no time. Solubility concerns are clearly at the forefront of chemistry in the home. For two substances to be soluble in one another, they must be composed of similar materials, as we saw in the case with water and other polar substances. The interaction between water and nonpolar substances in science is termed the â€Å"hydrophobic effect,† meaning literally â€Å"water fearing. † On a cellular level, there are many consequences of this effect, but the same is true in the macroscopic world. For instance, the â€Å"greasy† feeling your skin gets when it hasn’t been cleaned in some time is due to sebum, a hydrophobic substance your body secretes as a protecting layer. Interestingly, many people wash this layer off in the shower only to replace it with â€Å"skin moistening† lotions containing lanolin, which is nothing more than sheep sebum. Another solubility problem occurs when Coke is spilled on the floor, creating a sticky mess that doesn’t seem to clean up with any normal household cleaning agents. This is because one of the main ingredients in any soda is phosphoric acid, which is a sticky mess in and of itself, not to mention the sugars and other sticky components found in most sodas. Luckily, phosphoric acid dissolves easily in water, making water (and lots of it) typically the best way to clean up this sort of spill. Acid/base chemistry also finds its way into our everyday lives. For instance, have you ever touched your car battery only to find that seconds later, you are feeling a tingling or burning sensation? This is because the battery acid is performing a dehydration reaction on your skin. That is, water is being pulled from your tissue in a chemical reaction. Luckily, armed with your knowledge of acid/base chemistry, you quickly sprinkle some baking soda on the offending acid, neutralizing its harmful effects. Or perhaps you’ve eaten some particularly spicy food or just have a little acid reflux. It’s milk to the rescue in these cases. The slightly basic milk will neutralize the slightly acidic foods in no time. So before you shove those chemistry books into the attic to gather dust, before you decide that there’s just no application to a science so complex, think again. Chemistry permeates all of our daily lives whether we think about it every day or not. There is much more to chemistry than the biological reactions occurring inside of us. Chemistry is all around us.

Leadership and Nib Bank

Report-on-organizational-behavior-of-NIB-Bank. doc LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL May 31, 2008 Mr. Retd. Cdr. Tabassum Teacher, Organizational Behavior Bahria University Karachi. Sir: We herewith present our â€Å"Term Report† authorized by you as a requirement for this course. In this report, we have tried to provide analysis on organizational behavior of NIB Bank. We hope we have covered all that was required for the report. If there be any clarification demanded, we would appreciate a call from you to our group members. Sincerely, Maaz Khalid Muhammad Usman Badar Muhammad ZainACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of â€Å"Allah†, the most beneficent and merciful who gave us strength and knowledge to complete this report. This report is a part of our course â€Å"Organizational Behavior†. This has proved to be a great experience. This report is a combine effort of, Maaz Khalid, Muhammad Usman Badar and Muhammad Zain. We would like to express our gratitude to our organizational be havior teacher Mr. Retd. Cdr. Tabassum, who gave us this opportunity to fulfill this report. We would also like to thank our colleagues who participated in a focus group session.They gave us many helpful comments which helped us a lot in preparing our report. 1. 3 Objective The general purpose of this study is to determine the satisfactory level of job among the employees of British American Tobacco Bangladesh. We have selected British American Tobacco because this company has a multinational job environment and ensures the maximum level of efficiency among the employees. 3. Research Methodology A. Pilot survey We did a pilot survey for questionnaire testing (Vogt, 1999; Babbie, 2004) to detect error, validity and scale reliability.We used a 5 point- scale (â€Å"1† for Strongly Disagree to â€Å"5† for Strongly Agree) developed by Likert (1932). The pilot survey was done during in the month of January-February, 2008 with 30 respondents from 6 enterprises. A total numb er of 20 HRM items were used for this study. The sample size was 30 at managerial (mid level) jobs and simple random was used to obtain feedback and the scale validity of the survey. The calculated Chronbach’s alpha (? ) value is 0. 9063, which indicates the high eliability of the instrument. B. In-depth Interviews The second stage of our research method was in-depth interviews with the 12 executives. Semi-structured open-ended questionnaire was used for in-depth interviews. A simple random sampling method was used at this stage. The questionnaire was distributed to the executives to get feedback. C. Full-scale survey Full scale questionnaires were administered in the month of April, May and June 15, 2008 within 53 manufacturing organizations out of 103 (BEPZA statistics, May, 2008) organizations in economic zone, DEPZ.That covers 216 respondents from the total of 512 in the surveyed enterprises with the response rate of 42. 18% (26. 18% of 825 total entire populations). A si mple random sampling method was used for selecting the enterprises. From the pilot survey and in-depth survey finding and suggestion, questionnaire was modified and surveyed for this stage. D. Sample For the survey, a random sampling was chosen for selection enterprises from the A, B and C category of DEPZ organizations. A total number of 53 enterprises were selected from 103 and that covered 216 respondents. HISTORY OF THE DHAKA BANK LIMITED: DHAKA BANK LIMITED was incorporated as a public limited Company on 6th April 1995 under the company act. 1994 and started its commercial operation on June 05, 1995 as a private sector bank. The bank started its journey with an authorized capital of Tk. 1,000. 00 million and paid capital Tk. 100. 00 million. It is now one of the most renowned private banks having multiple branches in the major cities of the country. DBL has started its business with all the features of a corporate bank and the products of both corporate and retail banking syste m to facilitate the daily clientele requirements.Among all of its products Credit card is one of the most important financial-tool of the modern banking sector, Though DHAKA BANK is always trying to improve their services in this field, but in today’s competitive business world, banks need to offer additional concentration to the clients’ requirement in order stay at the top. Therefore, besides dealing with the general attributes of the Credit card, they also have been trying to put more emphasis on the customer benefits and other customer related facilities.The Credit Card Division is a new venture for the bank, so the card is only for the use within the city and therefore it is facing a huge competition against the existing local Credit Cards in the market. Moreover, DHAKA BANK LIMITED has expressed tremendous interest to create a competitive market for their Credit cards. GOAL SETTING THEORY: Goal setting theory was born out of Aristotle’s theory of final cau sality and then researched in greater detail by Edwin A. Locke in the 1960s to understand how goals can influence an individual’s performance.The basic theory behind goal setting is that human behavior is galvanized and governed by goals and ambition. Today, goal setting theory is very important not only for those studying organizational psychology, but for anyone seeking to increase productivity, enhance performance and reach for greater heights of success. Goals are able to motivate and spur you to meet your ambitions because it helps you focus your efforts on that objective. Every objective we have requires a list of tasks to be executed.By setting goals, we’re able to persist with the list of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. The incredible results achieved with the goal setting theory explain why it’s not just colleges, universities and sports institutions that use it to obtain results, but in businesses too wher e survival is based on ensuring positive outcomes. Having objectives is not the issue, but striving to attain them is. Following are the points that help you to achieve goals: †¢ State your goals in specific terms.Understand what your goals are and know why you’re selecting these goals. †¢ Make your goals attainable. There is no point setting goals you believe are unattainable. The best way to do this is to break your goals down into actionable steps. †¢ Measure your goals. Set a timeframe, or a milestone that can put the pressure on you to meet your objectives. ANALYSIS: To what extent you and your colleagues feel that the company sets challenging goals for itself and expects quality performance and outstanding production? Answer Log Table: Low |1 |2 | |standards | | | | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |1 |Tells group members what they are supposed to do. |- |- |4 |18 |3 | |2 |Acts friendly with members of the group. |- |- |3 |5 |17 | |3 |Sets standards of performance for group members. – |2 |5 |12 |6 | |4 |Helps others feel comfortable in the group. |- |- |4 |8 |13 | |5 |Makes suggestions about how to solve problems. |- |2 |4 |6 |13 | |6 |Responds favorably to suggestions made by others. |- |- |6 |10 |9 | |7 |Makes his/her perspective clear to others. |- |- |2 |16 |7 | |8 |Treats others fairly. |- |- |2 |5 |18 | |9 |Develops a plan of action for the group. |- |1 |14 |7 |3 | |10 |Behaves in a predictable manner toward group members. – |3 |12 |2 |8 | We asked different questions relating to the leadership style from NIB Bank employees to know which leadership style their leader uses and we found that two of the leadership styles that are task oriented and people oriented or relations-Oriented. The results we got from employees of NIB Bank that 53% of the employees feel that their managers are relationship oriented leaders and remaining 47% feels that their managers are task oriented leaders so this shows that the NIB Bank has got the com bination of leaders that are task oriented and relationship oriented.This shows that NIB Bank have the leaders that perform better in all situations and can manage their teams more effective in favorable conditions and also in very unfavorable conditions. PATH GOAL THEORY: House’s PATH GOAL THEORY describes how leaders can motivate their followers to achieve group and organizational goals and the kinds of behaviors they can engage in to accomplish that Path Goal theory suggests that effective leaders follow three guidelines to motivate their followers.The guidelines are based on the expectancy theory of motivation. Effective leaders who follow these guidelines have highly motivated subordinates who are likely to meet their work goals and perform at high levels. Determine what outcomes subordinates are trying to obtain in the workplace. For example, what needs are they trying to satisfy, or what goals are they trying to meet? After gaining this information, the leader must hav e control over those outcomes or over the ability to give or withhold the outcomes to subordinates.Reward subordinates for performing at high levels or achieving their work goals by giving them desired outcomes. Make sure the subordinates believe that they can obtain their work goals and perform at high levels. Leaders can do this by showing subordinates the paths to goal attainment (hence the name path goal theory), by removing any obstacles that might come along the way, and by expressing confidence in their subordinates capabilities. House identified four types of behavior that leaders can engage in to motivate subordinates: Directive behavior (similar to initiating structure) lets subordinates know what tasks need to be performed and how they should be performed. †¢ Supportive behavior (similar to consideration) lets subordinates know their leaders cares about their well-being and is looking out for them. †¢ Participative behavior enables subordinates to be involved in making decisions that affect them. †¢ Achievement-oriented behavior pushes subordinates to do their best.Such behavior includes setting difficult goals for followers, expecting high performance, and expressing confidence in their capabilities. ANALYSIS: We designed a different questionnaire especially for the TOP MANAGEMENT OF NIB Bank and the questions were related to PATH GOAL THEORY as the questionnaire belongs to the top management so we asked four top level managers of NIB Bank to fill this questionnaire list of their names and designation are given below: By studying our questionnaire we found different behaviors of leadership and there contribution in the organization’s behavior.We found different results for each behavior after analyzing the answers of our respondents which are given below: Directive Leaders Behavior: The most contributive behavior in leadership behaviors in NIB Bank having 27% share in leadership behavior was found to be directive behavior whic h is being frequently used in the organization we targeted. The benefit of using directive form of leadership which is characterized by greater control, defining what needs to be done, allocating resources and establishing clear expectations.The directive leadership behavior takes a more pragmatic approach to handling affairs in NIB Bank and is characteristically utilized in corporate turn-around situations. Supportive Leaders Behavior: The second most contributory behavior in leadership behaviors in NIB Bank having 26% share in leadership behaviors was found to be supportive behavior the results obtained shows that supportive behavior used in NIB Bank is almost the same as the use of directive leadership behavior with having difference of only 1% which is not a very big figure. Participative Leaders Behavior:Participative leadership behavior is the least used behavior in NIB’s culture with having 23% this shows that the NIB Bank leaders do consult with their subordinates whi le making a decision but at low frequency as compared to other PATH GOAL leadership behaviors. Achievement Oriented Leaders Behavior: The third most contributory behavior in leadership behaviors in NIB Bank with having percentage of 24 this shows that the leaders of NIB Bank set challenging goals for their subordinates with low frequency but they expect from their employees to perform at their highest level.The results of our analysis shows that there is no such big difference in leadership behaviors used in NIB Bank and this is a very good sign for NIB Bank that their leaders manage their subordinates according to different situations with different leadership behaviors. NORMS: â€Å"Norms are shared group expectations about behavior and how members ought to behave. † Norms provide groups with control and predictability and give members a sense of security and comfort. Norms are also the way we express values, attitudes and beliefs.Norms put boundaries on members that may be narrow or wide. Many norms in organizations originate from management expectation or from work rules and procedures of the formal organization. They develop and operate in informal groups. Many central work group norms revolve around productivity. Norms can put lower and upper limits on productivity. Controlling productivity not only spread the work ought to more people for a longer period, but also prevents management from rising its expectation.Some organizations have norms emphasizing social concern for employees this norm foster taking care of people who needed or other wise contributing to the quality of an employee’s life at work. Management can foster many norms that contribute to organizational success, such as norms effecting work quality, helpfulness or customer relation. A norm of secrecy may be critical to keep competitors from stealing ideas. ANALYSIS: Norms are of four types. The one we quire about is social norm. The reason of selecting social norm is that our culture is based on collectivism so the importance of social norms is very high.The situation of norms in NIB’s culture is fair enough according to the result of our questionnaire most of the employees follows the norms set by the organization and they are satisfied with them, but we found some employees who are willing to improve the conditions i. e. norms the calculated value of there willingness is about 25%. The major factors of social norms are friendliness, trust and mutual support. According to the employees in NIB Bank the conditions of trust and friendliness are pretty good and they are willing to increase mutual support.It is necessary to emphasize on social arrangement norms in country like Pakistan because of its collectivism culture and these norms helps the organization to get the participation of their employee in positive manner to achieve the goals set by the organization these kind of norms also motivates the employees to remain in organization because of f riendly culture in organization social arrangement norms also helps the employees to interacts with each other in more friendly manner which will increase trust among them and with there top management.If these norms are valued by the management then it will positively affect employee satisfaction and productivity and it will also enhance the organization culture CONFORMITY: â€Å"Conformity can be defined as a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people†. Who does Conformity affect? Conformity can affect people in all different ways, positively and negatively. In task-specific situations, those who are led to believe they do not have the required aptitude, their tendency to conform increases.Individualistic societies are less likely to conform than collectivistic. How does Conformity work? An individual will most likely conform if: ? The majority consists of experts ? The members of the majority are important to the individual ? The individual can relate to the majority on some level–there are similarities between the individual and the group ANALYSIS: Through our questionnaire we analyzed the pattern of answers given by employees and we found many similar answers in regard of questions and it hows greater extend of conformity among employees of NIB Bank as they have almost marked similar options given in each questions of our questionnaire. The level of conformity shows there good relations and understanding with each other which also shows that they will not leave each other in hard times but on the other hand the high level of conformity indicates the danger of employees saying always yes to other’s decision instead of thinking critically about it and there might be a chance of employee saying yes under pressure in the fear of loosing group and may result in loss of any useful idea.After Asch’s study about conformity, in the world the conformity is decreasing as the level of knowledge and awareness are increasing and the result of our questionnaire shows high level of conformity, we can suggest the reason â€Å"collectivism culture of Pakistan† TEAMS: A group whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of the individuals input.Guideline for team leaders set by NIB’s management: |Definition: | |Has a natural authority, generates commitment and builds team cohesiveness by setting a clear vision for the team, reflected in core values. |EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR |LESS EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR | |MORE OF THIS |LESS OF THIS | | | | |Communicates frequently a realistic picture of future plans so people know |Takes independent decisions and asks the team to follow | |what has to be done and why? instruction without questioning. | | | | |Arrives at decision by consensus, where appropriate, to gain team |Waits for team to ask for information instead of proactively | |commitment. | keeping them informed of the ‘big’ picture. | | | |Is supportive of the team / individuals and helps in overcoming problems to|Exhibits high personal energy when initiating action but does not | |achieve targets. |follow through. | | | | |Leads by example; displays behavior which reflects the desired work norms |Talks about the theory and principles of leadership, yet not | |and values. reflected in behavior. | | | | |Spends time finding out the way individuals want to be managed and work |Uses the abilities of staff for own personal and career gains; | |together; adapts leadership by style to match. does not share benefits and praise but passes on criticisms and | | |blame. | |Maximizes the available resource by constructing well-balanced teams; | | |acknowledges and helps others values the unique contributions of each |Does not seek to identify and discuss the values of the team to | |member. |ensure everyone is working towards a common goal. | | | |Identifies own lea dership style and strengths, adapts these to specific |Avoid admitting own mistakes or limitations. | |situations. | | | | | |Follows up with dissenters or blocker to contain negativity. | Guidelines for reducing conflicts between team members set by NIB’s management: |Definition: | |The ability to pull together individuals or parties in conflict by diffusing emotions, identifying the critical issues and helping got reach a| |compromise; keeps the focus on common objective to meet both needs. |EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR |LESS EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR | |MORE OF THIS |LESS OF THIS | | | | |Confronts covert conflict; draws out sensitive issues or relationships. Lets conflict escalate before taking any action. | | | | |Uses all-round knowledge to manage interdepartmental and |Seeks to diffuse conflict after listening to only some of the parties | |intra-departmental conflicts. |involved; jumps to conclusions about others based on earlier | | |situations. |Keeps the focus of conflict resolution on the long term overall | | |interests of the organization. |Adopts a singular style or strategy across different contexts. | | | | |Facilitates open discussion between conflicting parties. |Does not identify brewing conflicts from emotional reactions. | | | |Remains impartial when dealing with others; listen to arguments of each|Suggests own solution to conflict without identifying the source. | |party. | | | |Focuses too much on emotional aspects of the conflict rather than the | |Adapts approach to the situation and the culture of the conflicting |solutions. |parties. | | | |Conveys inconsistent messages to conflicting parties, thus resulting | | |in the further confusions. | ANALYSIS:After visited to NIB Bank we discovered that the NIB Bank employees comprised of self-managed works teams according to employees responses they feel greater level of responsibility on their shoulders and they manage the things like planning, scheduling of work, and assigning task to the member of team, control the pace of the work, make decisions through discussion between the team members, take actions to solve the problem and also interact with their customers and we found that the employees called their colleagues relationship officer rather than sales officer.QUALITY MANAGEMENT: CREATIVITY |Definition: | |Is able to conceive original, imaginative and valuable ideas to solve problems and improve processes. |EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR |LESS EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR | |MORE OF THIS |LESS OF THIS | | | | |Develops ideas and thinks through to an innovative conclusions. Prefers to use tried and tested methods to solve problems rather than| | |think of new and innovative solutions. | |Questions traditional thinking in order to initiate new perspectives. | | | |Sees opportunities as risks; talks about the dangers and risks rather| |Builds on information and ideas provided by others. |than the potential benefits. | | | |Acts quickly to grasp and dev elop novel opportunities. |Actions ideas giving appropriate thought only to short-term benefits | | |and immediate impact. | |Improvises effective solutions when faced with ambiguous and difficult | | |situations. Is overly absorbed in own ideas; hence is not as aware of the | | |environment or important events as required. | |Tests out ideas for practicality and feasibility. | | | |Over relies heavily on past experience; does not think laterally. |Seeks out pools and thinkers and puts them together to generate ideas; | | |uses tools and techniques to simulate others’ creativity. | | CONTINUES LEARNING: |Definition: | |A strong personal commitment to self-development reflected in an underlying curiosity to know more about people, things, issues, stretching | |beyond what is routine or required job knowledge. |EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR |LESS EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOUR INDICATOR | |MORE OF THIS |LESS OF THIS | | | | |Identifies skills needed for the future and takes steps to devel op |Over emphasizes the importance of won professional development at the | |self and others. cost of work priorities. | | | | |Actively seeks professional development opportunities, both inside |Relies too heavily on own knowledge does not accept constructive | |and outside the organization. |feedback. | | | |Seeks opportunities to work with the others of diverse backgrounds, |Sticks to own area of expertise rather than broadening one’s focus. | |experience, viewpoints. | | | |Develops oneself for tangible rewards rather than more and grow. |Has personally established on-going systems or habits for information| | |gathering through professional memberships, literature and contacts. |Waits for others to identify own development needs. | | | | |Sets clear personal development targets which focus on behavioral |Considers skills lifelong; continuously resorts to tried and tested | |improvements as much as professional / technical skills. methods. | | | | |Volunteers for assignme nts which contribute to individual learning |Prefers to cover up mistakes rather than seek feedback and learn. | |goals. | | | | | |Accepts and seeks feedback from others; learns from past mistakes. | CONCLUSION: After studying and a analyzing the results of our research on the various issues related to the organizational behavior within the organization that are affecting the performance of its management and particularly its employee, followed by several general and specific list of questions we asked and the interviews we conducted during our visit to the two branches of NIB bank one on â€Å"Tariq Road† and other on â€Å"I.I Chundrigar Road†, we are able to draw out our conclusions about this report. NIB Bank is a global bank which is also operating in Pakistan. The organization behavior regarding goal setting for employees we have concluded that the management of NIB Bank is effective in setting goals according to the competition in the banking sector of Pakistan . As the requirement of growing banking sector it is necessary to set challenging and effective goals so as to become market leaders.Despite of setting challenging goals the employees of NIB Bank are satisfied with these challenging goals and performing well to achieve the goals which were provided to them. The management style in NIB Bank is kind of participative management in which employees are given chance to share their ideas for decision making so the NIB Bank is utilizing its employees by getting different ideas from different employees this provides greater chances for getting better and innovative ideas.Not only this but from this activity employees feel motivated because they think they also have the authority in decision making process and they are also a part of an organization. During the interview of an employee NIB Bank he told us â€Å"All the employees here are given title of relationship officer rather than any other designation and at the beginning of each month the top level management visits every branch and arrange meeting with all the employees of the branch and discuss the problems faced by every employee and immediately tries to resolve the problem and this is the major motivating factor for us†.For motivating their employees management uses different types of motivating tools the innovative ones we found are ESOP (Employees Stock Ownership Plan) and the pay plan for less productive workers. By providing ESOP the employees gains the ownership of an organization and work hard not only for their benefit but also to maximize the profit of the organization. The next thing about the pay plan for less productive workers the company motivate their employees whose performance is not up to the mark by giving them the salaries equivalent to the market value of the any other employee of same rank.As the motivation and reward systems are up to the expectation of the employees so the employees are very much satisfied and don’t want to leave the organization. The leadership styles in NIB Bank are mixture of both the task oriented and relationship oriented but it is little lien towards relationship oriented leadership style. The leader’s behavior consisting of all the leaders’ behavior provided by House’s Path Goal Theory having almost same percentages with very low variation.Overall we concluded NIB Bank inherits strong organizational culture having values for leaders and as well as for employees and the organization behavior is up to the mark for any company being in Pakistan.RECOMMENDATION: 1. NIB Bank should offer training and development sessions for undergraduates; this will help NIB Bank in future while recruiting employees. 2. NIB Bank should reduce conformity by giving rewards to employees for suggesting more effective idea in the benefit of the organization this will not only provide wider range of ideas but also act as a motivational tool for their employees. . NIB Bank should arran ge extra curricular activities like cricket matches on inter bank level to further improve relations between employees as other organizations are organizing (for example ABN Amro, Mobilink, etc. ) 4. NIB should introduce â€Å"Dress-Down† day i. e. employees should be given permission to wear dresses other than formal dresses on certain days so as to make them relaxed while work.